Because the strategies used are difficult to control or even evaluate, the process of distinguishing speech from visual working memory becomes complex.
Many of the stimuli used in working memory tasks can be processed by verbal or visual coding, such as numbers in a digital span backward task (DSB).
Repeated cranial magnetic stimulation was used in this study (rTMS)
Check the use of visual processing strategies in DSB.
A total of 47 German college students participated in the study, of which 23 students spontaneously used language processing strategies and 24 students used visual strategies.
After rTMS were performed in the right occipital cortex, the Visualizer showed a significantly stronger average performance decline compared to verbalizers.
The results show that the visual cortex is more important for the visualizer than the wording in the DSB task.
In addition, the processing of preferences seems to be determined by a preference for cognitive strategies rather than presentation, and people are aware of applying strategies.
These findings provide insight into the world.
Individual differences in working memory processing have an important impact on laboratory research and clinical practice: stimulation does not necessarily determine the processing process and participants can be aware of this. Working memory (WM)
The process describes the cognitive system responsible for the temporary storage and operation of information.
When multiple targets are active in complex cognitive tasks such as language conversion, reasoning, or reading, it is essential to maintain the available information temporarily for coordinated processing.
Various conceptual approaches have been proposed to simulate the processing involved in such a task.
Recently, a class of countries
Models based on neural imaging and neurophysiological data have been significantly supported.
In these models, the distribution of attention to internal representation plays a vital role in the retention of information in WM.
Notable models include models proposed by Cowan, Oberauer, or McElree.
Comprehensive National Review
See D' esposito and Postle based on the model.
Before most states
Based on the concept of working memory, Baddeley & itch proposed one of the most important models of the last century.
It consists of a main system, a central execution system and two subordinate systems, called the visual space artboard and The Voice loop, which are considered to be involved in the verbal and visual working memory tasks respectively.
Although there are differences between models of the exact organization of working memory, it is generally believed that the partial definition of working memory is determined by its limited capacity, which is between different individuals
So several paradigms have been developed to test
Individual Differences.
The "digital backward span" task (DSB)
As part of a variety of psychological tests, such as the "Wyeth Adult Intelligence Scale", remains a common method of working memory evaluation, especially in clinical psychology.
In order (
Or any operation)
For the concept of working memory, it is critical to consider which cognitive processes can be used to form a correct response.
Since the correct response in DSB is defined by correctly repeating the sequence of continuously rendered numbers in the opposite order, the processing here involves the conversion of the required information for memory, reversal, and produce digital series in reverse order.
The two prominent strategies for doing so are (1)
Represent all the numbers and repeat them silently2)
Mentally imagine them and read them backwards.
Language and visual processing strategies have been identified as two of the most prominent approaches to cognitive tasks, and people who prefer one of the strategies can be divided into groups characterized by typical processing: pronunciation technology is usually used (i. e.
, Internal rehearsal)
The Visualizer tends to adopt psychological imagery.
Of course, these strategies are closely related to the visual and language working memory subsystems outlined in the Baddeley and Hitch models.
It is important that although the daily cognitive processing style is often rigid and stable, the task
A specific strategy can be adopted fairly flexibly to accomplish the task at hand through verbal or visual processing.
It was previously argued that the presentation pattern during the task was critical for the adoption of a visual or language processing strategy, while that was the case with Hilbert.
Shows participants using preferred strategies independent of acoustic or optical presentation modes.
This division is essential as a stimulus
Independent use of processing strategies for working memory processing will not only interfere with the discovery of visual and verbal working memory components, but also have an impact on clinical evaluation.
Traditionally, memory consolidation and recovery are associated with neural regions outside the visual sensory cortex of the pillow.
Various imaging studies have identified the speech loop neural correlation of the auditory cortex and the visual spatial drawing board of the pillowparietal areas.
It is reported that the relevant factors of the central executive agency are in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, a cortex region associated with complex cognitive processing, helping by directing attention to the internal representation of sensory stimuli
The possibility of locating various parts of the working memory system in the human cortex leads to various studies to study the effects of various parts of the stimulation system: different forms of non-
Invasive brain stimulation (
Cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Or stimulated by cranial current (tCS))
In the task of working memory, the dorsolum prefrontal cortex showed a manifestation of enhancement or deterioration.
Same time left
The top lobe region is located through TMS to affect the performance of verbal working memory, while the top lobe stimulation can change the performance of visual working memory.
Recent interest is the growing evidence that early visual sensory regions are involved in the consolidation of visual working memory, which TMS contributes.
Accurate coding and short
The term store for sensory representation is assumed to be performed in the respective sensory cortex, which marks the role of working memory as a network of cortex consisting of connected but separated units.
In this case, several groups reported that the pillow TMS affected performance during the working memory task.
The application of the pillow TMS pulse immediately after the start of the stimulation will affect the performance (
These stimuli are probably stored in memory)
But not during the retention period, or only at the beginning and end of the retention interval.
Online single pulse pillow TMS can only have a disruptive effect during high memory load.
A single pulse of TMS applied after the start of a series of stimuli mainly reduces performance by increasing the probability of speculation, which is consistent with the number of major effects (capacity)
Not quality (precision)
Information stored.
This study used these findings of differential stimuli in the cortical regions involved in speech and visual working memory processes to investigate the effects of processing strategies in DSB.
More specifically, both a set of verbalizers and a set of visualizers receive duplicate TMS (rTMS)
Before doing DSB, create an offline Virtual lesion to the occipital cortex.
It is expected that the performance deterioration of visualization tools is more serious than that of language converters compared to control conditions, as the latter is considered less dependent on visual cortex regions during working memory processing.